Parenting Essay - 953 Words

Being a parent comes with a lot of responsibility and difficult decision making. You always have your childs best interest at heart, but sometimes your child may disagree with the rules you have set down. That is why, I believe, the perfect parenting style is democratic. You can compromise with your child, but still have basic rules you want them to follow, without them feeling targeted or that you are being unfair. When i become a parent, I want to make sure my children have guidelines. I want them to be able to make their own mistakes and learn from them. Their health, their type of entertainment and the toys they play with are three major, broad categories that I would like to have a say in, along with their input of course.†¦show more content†¦That always worked on me, so hopefully they will pick up that trait. Another example of the democratic parenting style is when your teenager wants to get a piercing or a tattoo. This subject is surprisingly easy for me to make rul es upon. I would never tell my child not to get a piercing, but I also would not give them consent. I know what it is like to have a mom who says no most of the time to everything. With my children, I do not want to have to say no because that will make them want to do it even more. As long as I found the piercing or tattoo to be age appropriate and small, I would not mind making an adjustment to their wishes as long as they made adjustments to mine. Secondly, what my children enjoy doing in their spare time is not only a personal chioce, but an important aspect in anyones life. I would never tell my daughter she could not play hockey, or my son that he could not dance. Even though I would not be a huge fan of my son dancing, it is his own decision and not mine to make. Although I would control how much they play and where and when they play and everything that goes along with sports or clubs. Television shows and movies are another thing that I have difficulty deciding where the line is for a certain age. Do I let my eight year old child watch Nightmare on Elm Street? No, I definitely do not. But I can give them the choice of watching Pokemon or Harry Potter. It is especially difficult onceShow MoreRelatedParenting Practices Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesJanet Michelle Lewis Parenting Practices April 12, 2014 PARENTING PRACTICES Parenting a child is a very important role. Parents teach a child how to behave and they provide the needs for the child. Parenting practices varies from generation to generation. In the chart below I have described parenting practices over generations in my family.    | Generation 1: Years (1960-1970) | Generation 2: Years(1980-2000) | Generation 3: Years(2000-2014) | Parenting Practice 1: Education | MediumRead More Teen Parenting Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Why Teen Parenting should be delayed? Raising a child isnt an easy thing to do. Raising a child while the parents are still in their teens is even harder. Dealing with the day to day chores that involves a baby and trying to work and get an education is very stressful on any teen. Teen Parenting should be delayed because it is very difficult to handle, some can’t handle it. One of my friends is a teen mom, and she wouldnt wish a teen pregnancy on any teen. Trying to work, go to school, raiseRead More Parenting Styles and Childrens Development Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesParenting Styles and Childrens Development There are several parenting styles which guide children throughout their life. These parenting styles can be either good or bad and this will have an effect on the child; either a positive or a negative one. This essay investigates the parenting styles from which emerge questions about the role of the mother and the father. It also focuses on the ways that either too much mothering or too much fathering might have an effect on the child’s identityRead MoreParenting and culture Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesone side, supporters of the argument for the universality of parenting suggest that certain types of parenting styles will produce the same child development outcomes in different cultures. On the other hand, the argument for cultural specificity states that different parenting practices vary from culture to culture, and that culture ultimately determines the outcomes of child development. Each culture has specific styles of parenting that instill values on children partic ular to that culture. EachRead More Single Parenting Essay example1614 Words   |  7 PagesSingle Parenting Single parents and their children constitute a rapidly increasing population. In the past single parenting was seen as a broken system, these units today provide a viable alternative to nuclear families (Kleist, 1999, p. 1). In looking at the characteristics of single parents raising healthy children, I will describe some of the challenges unique to single parenting, and review positive parenting techniques shown to be effective. Social Development has not prepared individualsRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Good Parenting1393 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Parenting style is one of the most attributed issues when dealing with care for children by their own parents. Parents should be always knowledgeable about the impact of proper parenting so that their child will grow productively. In this case, the level of parenting issues can help to improve the process of child’s learning development. This paper is going to discuss at least three parenting style for children in order to explore more about these proper parenting styles, which couldRead MoreEssay about Successful Parenting 616 Words   |  3 Pagesto parents. In spite of extensive effort that some parent make, it still presents many unanswered problems. Children learn how to become adults from the parents. Successful parenting requires the parents to have some very important qualities and characteristics. There are so many characteristics and qualities of parenting, but only three of them stand out: a high sense morality, support and good leadership. Having a good perspective of life comes from having good morals. ChildrenRead MoreParenting for the Second Time Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesParenting can be a challenge the first time around, but many parents are finding themselves parenting for a second time, this time around, as the child’s grandparents. Grandparents may assume the role of parent for their child’s children when there are problems of substance abuse, abuse and neglect, incarceration, HIV/AIDS, mental illness, divorce, and death. (Dolbin-MacNab, 2006, p.1) Grandparents usually are not expecting to have to parent again, this is the time most are enjoying their new foundRead MoreEssay on Parenting Styles1429 Words   |  6 PagesParenting is defined as rearing of a child by giving special care, love, and guidance by a parent. (Merriam-Webster) Parenting usually starts when a couple has a beautiful by-product of their mutual love and respect with each other. When a child comes into someones life, parenting is usually a necessity when it comes to nurturing a beautiful, and a healthy child. A lot of responsibilities, sacrifices, and hard work are attached to parenting. There are four parenting styles that couples practicesRead MoreEssay on Permissive Parenting1241 Words   |  5 Pagespermissive parenting style. Parenting styles are very important when raising your children. The parenting style that a parent uses can change the entire outcome of the child in the future because parenting styles can change how the child reacts to situations or makes decisions. The goal of the message in my PSA is to have parents understand that a permissive style of parenting is not a good idea. The permissive style of parenting may seem like a good idea to ignorant, new parents, but the parenting style

Civilizations Free Essays

Renaissance is a word which means â€Å"rebirth† in French. In Italian, it means â€Å"Rinascimento†. Renaissance is a cultural revolution in Europe, particularly in Italy which occurred during the latter part of the Middle Ages from 14th century to 17th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Civilizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the period when great developments and progress in arts and science occurred. It is believed that Renaissance flourished because of the so-called â€Å"Black Death†. People shift their ideas from spiritual life to their lives spent here on Earth. Florence gave way to the birth of renaissance. It is where great men of arts like Da Vinci, Michelangelo and even Boticelli spawned. Renaissance introduced concepts of sciences and arts which until today last. Humanism which is a process of learning was used by renaissance scholars. This method study original texts and review it using reasoning as well as empirical evidences. In arts, artists develop very sensible linear perspective. Painters also considered study of lighting, silhouette and anatomy to improve their works. Architects of renaissance combined mathematics with architecture. Classical style flourished. Dome shaped infrastructures, which seemed impossible to do was achieved. Science experienced â€Å"scientific revolution† in which the scientific method, which is based on empirical evidences, was introduced. This gave rise to development in different branches of science. During renaissance, people have changed the way they see God and man. It results to debates which questioned the Christianity. Aztecs and Incas Aztec was a Mesoamerican empire which exists from 14th to 16th century. Aztecs have rich culture and traditions. Aztecs have human sacrifices to their gods, thus, wars continued in order to have human sacrifices. Army men do not kill their enemies; instead they held them as captives which will be their human sacrifices. When there are no wars, warriors participate into gladiatorial battle. In terms of agriculture, Aztecs are famous for their Hanging Garden. They were very much into gardening. In politics, the king of every city is an appointed judge. The magistrates were elected. People who committed huge crimes will be sacrificed while those who committed lesser crimes will become slaves. On the other hand, the Inca Empire employs strict administration of bureaucracy. The emperor marries her sister to maintain the lineage pure. This civilization also believes in human sacrifices. But it is not always the case, because sometimes they sacrifice animals instead of humans. Other royalties hold administrative designations. Military activities are not common, only in times of troubles like wars and rebellions. There are no records of agricultural activities during the Inca Empire (Tankard, 2006). Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates Abbasids were able to solidify and unify Islamic leadership. On the other hand, Umayyad had the biggest unitary state during their rule.   They are Sunni Muslims. Abbasid were from the youngest uncle of Muhammad in contrast with the Umayyad were descendants of Umayya who is from another clan. Conflict rise between the two because Abbasid caliphate they are the true descendant of Muhammad. The Umayyad military was used mainly for the expansion of their religious territory while the Abbasid army called the Mameluk was established to prevent the collapse of their rule. In terms of politics, the Abbasid caliph rule with coordination from non-Arab Muslims which contributed to the unification of Islam during their rule. Umayyad was believed to shift from a religious institution to a dynastic body. Tropical People The factors which caused social and cultural changes in the lives of tropical people are architecture, religion, gender and learning. Expansion of Islam results to new architectural styles. Style from the Middle East and locality are fused. In learning, Islam made people from Africa use Arabic. Spread of Islam also introduced the study of Islamic Laws and knowledge about science, mathematics including medicine. Social change occurred when discrepancy between the elites and the poor increased. In Africa and India, slavery became common. Slaves are tasked to do tedious works like mining, while women slaves are asked to do household chores, they also served as entertainers. Women in the tropics were trained to do house chores which includes child rearing, cooking and some farm works. Records do not have clear accounts on the implication of Islamic rule to women in the tropics, but it is known that in some places, women did not practice veiling and seclusion. REFERENCES: Renaissance. Retrieved April 29, 2007 . Tankard, Keith. (2006). â€Å"Aztec and Inca Empire†. Retrieved April 29, 2007 from http://www.knowledge4africa.co.za/worldhistory/inca13.htm    How to cite Civilizations, Essay examples

Einstein and Life Essay Example For Students

Einstein and Life Essay When I was a fairly precocious young man I became thoroughly impressed with the futility of the hopes and strivings that chase most men restlessly through life. Moreover, I soon discovered the cruelty of that chase, which in those years was much more carefully covered up by hypocrisy and glittering words than is the case today. By the mere existence of his stomach everyone was condemned to participate in that chase. The stomach might well be satisfied by such participation, but not man insofar as he is a thinking and feeling being. As the first way out there was religion, which is implanted into every child by way of the traditional education-machine. Thus I came though the child of entirely irreligious (Jewish) parents to a deep religiousness, which, however, reached an abrupt end at the age of twelve. Through the reading of popular scientific books I soon reached the conviction that much in the stories of the Bible could not be true. The consequence was a positively fanatic orgy of freethinking coupled with the impression that youth is intentionally being deceived by the state through lies; it was a crushing impression. Mistrust of every kind of authority grew out of this experience, a skeptical attitude toward the convictions that were alive in any specific social environment-an attitude that has never again left me, even though, later on, it has been tempered by a better insight into the causal connections. It is quite clear to me that the religious paradise of youth, which was thus lost, was a first attempt to free myself from the chains of the merely personal, from an existence dominated by wishes, hopes, and primitive feelings. Out yonder there was this huge world, which exists independently of us human beings and which stands before us like a great, eternal riddle, at least partially accessible to our inspection and thinking. The contemplation of this world beckoned as a liberation, and I soon noticed that many a man whom I had learned to esteem and to admire had found inner freedom and security in its pursuit. The mental grasp of this extra-personal world within the frame of our capabilities presented itself to my mind, half consciously, half unconsciously, as a supreme goal. Similarly motivated men of the present and of the past, as well as the insights they had achieved, were the friends who could not be lost. The road to this paradise was not as comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has shown itself reliable, and I have never regretted having chosen it. Bibliography:

Its Not Whether You Win a Prize or Lose a Destination, Its How You Play the Journey free essay sample

Back when I was in elementary school, I remember entering an Easter card design contest. We drew a picture on a small square piece of paper, and the winner was supposed to get two hundred Toys ‘R’ Us dollars and his or her design made into an actual Easter card. I drew two bunny heads on either side of a basket of Easter eggs with â€Å"Happy Easter† written on the top. Sometime later, I was swinging in the playground when someone called me inside to meet with a Toys ‘R’ Us representative. The representative told me I had won, and presented me with a basket of Easter candy. I was so excited that I didn’t even realize I never got the dollars promised me. What’s more, I never even saw my card in stores. It may be surprising to hear that this is a happy memory. It was disappointing, sure, but in retrospect I was a kid and probably preferred the basket of candy anyway. We will write a custom essay sample on Its Not Whether You Win a Prize or Lose a Destination, Its How You Play the Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certainly it would have been nice to see my card published, but I was just happy to have won such a big contest, my first one in fact. Plus, it was making the card that I really enjoyed, so any prize wasn’t that important to me. As I remember biting off the ears to a large chocolate rabbit, I realize that playing to win will always leave me feeling empty. Life is a lot more enjoyable playing games for fun rather than victory. Later on, I entered a contest at the public library. I didn’t even know what the prize was, but all I had to do was color in a picture. This was the kind of thing I loved to do: display my creativity in something others could enjoy. I had some more fun with this contest, and, luckily enough, I managed to win once more. When I saw the prize, I thought it was the coolest thing in the world. It was a pair of paper glasses that, when worn, made rainbows appear around any lights. If I were to find those same glasses now, I would think they weren’t worth a dime. Although it may have been because I was just a kid, somehow that prize meant so much more to me after I had worked for it. Since then, I’ve grown up quite a bit, and I started to think about contests where you don’t work for the prize, such as the lottery. I imagine that playing it must be so unfulfilling, having no fun in entering and most likely always losing. I’ll bet even the big winners don’t appreciate their money as much because they haven’t earned it. The contest I find worth entering is the one I don’t mind losing because the event itself is meaningful. The key to happiness is to put less thought into the destination and more focus on making the journey unforgettable. I look back on these moments now and wonder. In most of my experience, my goals haven’t quite lived up to my expectations. I idealized them to the point that they could never be what I had hoped. I just need to remember what my earliest contests have taught me. In this case, the goal is college, but I don’t strive for good grades just so I can gain admission to the one I want, because education is about learning, not just a necessary means to the next stage in my life. I study hard because I’m eager to learn, and the grades follow. I won’t allow it to be a lottery; that is, I’ll do my best to make college worth the struggle it requires. It’s moments like writing this very essay, where I get to have fun and be creative, that make the whole process of reaching my goal enjoyable enough to accept whatever the outcome might be. Now that the time for college has finally come, the destination becomes a journey in itself, and I’m determined t o make the most of that one as well.

Essay Format

Essay Format Whenever you are given an assignment to write an essay, the first thing you should worry about is the essay format. An essay format is a special way you structure your essay. The essay format defines the paper type you write, as there are specific essay formats for essays of different purposes. Whenever you start writing an essay – always check with the essay format guidelines, as you have to strictly follow all regulations. How many students have ever been accused of plagiarism? All students constantly have decent problems with essay format citation, essay format referencing. Only because of bad essay format you have problems with your education. The essay MLA format and essay APA format are very complicated, and students often make mistakes with essay format. When writing an essay, in order for it to have proper essay format you have to carefully reference all sources you have used for your paper, and make sure no detail was missed. Without following essay format instructions, you can receive a lower grade than you really deserve. It doesnt matter if it is college essay format or high school essay format or even university essay format the rules and requirements are evenly strict. When writing an essay, make sure you know what essay format you are supposed to write in. The essay MLA format, essay APA format, essay Turabian format as well as essay Harvard format is completely different. When high schools and colleges usually concentrate on MLA style, Universities and other high academic institutions ask their students to format an essay in APA, MLA, Turabian or Harvard style. Lots of students require essay format help, as they are incapable to produce a quality essay with proper essay format. This can be caused either the lack of essay format guidelines, as you have to have MLA or APA essay guidelines book, where every little detail is mentioned on how you should format your essay. If you are not sure how to format an essay – ask for essay format assistance and essay format help, or read detailed instructions on the net. You might want to consider your professor as an essay format helper, as he can give good essay format tips and essay guidelines on how to format your essay. When you do essay format, never forget to follow all guidelines, as it can be crucial for your essay. Some academic institutions have severe rules on these essay formats. In order to be 100% sure you have formatted your essay properly, ask your professor well before you need to turn it in. This is done in order to correct your essay format if anything goes wrong. Another good way to get a good written essay is to download essay format sample or example essay format straight from the internet. There are various templates, where you can write your essay and not worry about essay format. The whole point of an essay format is to have a well structured text along with all the details of the essay format and in order to ease the whole process of reading an essay. By managing a good essay paper format – you get a guarantee that you will not have problems with non cited sources as well as a proper essay paper, according to all rules and regulations.

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay Describe the basic features that distinguish the three traditional forms of business ownership: sole proprietorships, general partnerships and C corporations. ~Sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and managed by one individual. Earnings of the company are treated as income and debts that arise are personal debts. It is the most common type of business organization in United States. ~General partnership: In this type of business all partners have right to participate in management of the firm and share any profits or losses. There is no limit on number of partners but usually it’s two. ~C corporation is a legal entity, separate and distinct from its owners. It’s owned by stockholders. Its mission and objective are established by board of directors and board of directors is selected by stockholders to protect their interests. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships and general partnerships. ~Both are easy to form, have tax advantages, and unlimited liability. ~General partnership has a stronger financial base than sole proprietorship. ~On the other hand, general partnership can be destroyed much easier than sole ~proprietorship because of disagreements between partners. ~ Another disadvantage in sole proprietorship is that workload and responsibilities are on one person while in partnership it’s shared. What advantages help explain why virtually all large companies are organized as C corporations? ~Corporations can raise huge amount of financial capital ~It’s easy for stockholders to withdraw from ownership or sell shares of stock ~Stockholders have limited liability. They are not personally liable for the debts of the company. What steps are involved in starting a general corporation? ~Requires filing form called the articles of incorporation, with a specific state agency. ~Pay filling fees and establish corporate bylaws-basic the basic rules governing how a corporation is organized an d how it manages its business. ~Companies also choose corporation friendly states, because not all states are friendly and charge a lot of money. How is a corporation’s board of directors chosen? Explain the role the board plays in a corporation’s management. ~ According to corporate bylaws stockholders elect board of directors that they rely on to manage company and protect their interests. ~Board of directors establishes the corporation’s mission and sets its broad objectives. ~Board of directors then assigns the chief of executive officer and other corporate officers to manage company. Explain how S corporations, statutory closed corporations, and nonprofit corporations differ from C corporations. ~S corporation: IRS does not tax earning separately, can have no more than 100 stockholders, each stockholder have to be U.S. citizen or permanent resident. ~Statutory close corporation: Doesn’t have to elect a board of directors or hold annual stockholders m eetings, number of stockholders are limited to 50, stockholders can’t sell their shares to public without first offering to existing owners, not all states allow this type of corporation. ~Nonprofit corporation: Has members but not stockholders, cannot contribute funds to a political campaign, must keep accurate records, earnings are exempt from federal and state income, make tax deduction for individuals who contribute money or property.

Baldrige Award Criteria Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Baldrige Award Criteria Analysis - Assignment Example 5). The global presence of Airbus encompasses strategic locations in Europe, the Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa and the Middle East servicing more than fifty percent of commercial and military transport aircraft orders all over the world. 1. Leadership Heading the EADS consortium is Thomas Enders, the President and CEO of Airbus since 2007 (Airbus: Management, 2011, par. 1). Together with eight members of the executive committee, Enders has been committed to practicing its core tenets, focusing on enjoining other members of the management team and various personnel of the organization to â€Å"generate customer value, act with courage in all situations, practice teamwork and global integration, face reality and act with integrity, drive innovation and deliver reliably, and develop oneself and others† (Airbus: Company culture, 2011, par. 4). As a global organization entrenched in diverse geographical locations, managing and leading more than 50,000 employees from different cult ures is a tremendous challenge. It takes innate skills, knowledge, abilities and genuine interest on the endeavor to steer the organization into weathering the changes in the external environment. As revealed, the organization has employed a unified management and leadership strategy to ensure that standards are imposed and adhered to in all locations where Airbus operates. The following crucial elements of the strategy align leadership policies and practices at Airbus, to wit: (1) leading by example; (2) equipped to perform, and (3) management expertise (Airbus: Management, 2011, pars. 5 – 7). By manifesting leadership through exemplifying the role of models in leading, each and every personnel are encouraged to embody the standards of excellence expected from everyone. The qualifications and competencies of each manager and leader are consistent with the demands of their jobs. There is continuous training and development to ensure that expertise is honed through time. Final ly, programs are set to further develop and train global managers to be experts in technical and managerial skills. Aside from taking pride in incorporating cultural diversity in global operations, Airbus’ leadership is likewise committed to social responsibility through active support and development of various stakeholders. Employees, particularly, are given priority in terms of personal and professional development, affiliations with community programs through their Corporate Foundation, establishing strong partnerships with various suppliers, being actively involved in charitable endeavors, and ensuring the protection and safety of the environment (Airbus: Corporate Social Responsibility, 2011). In its official website, Airbus boasts of indicating that â€Å"as a responsible corporate citizen and industry leader, Airbus’ day-to-day operations are guided by a strong commitment to the highest ethical standards – ensuring integrity, transparency and profession alism across its operation† (ibid, par. 1). 2. Strategic Planning The process of strategic planning necessitates the identification of opportunities and risks in an organization’s external environment. As Lynch & Williamson (2006) averred, â€Å"strategic planning is long range in perspective and should be

The Right Stuff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Right Stuff - Essay Example They are the characteristics that the recruiter thinks is correct. So the one with the authority or power defines what the right stuff is. People try to guess the actual characteristics that come under the topic the right stuff but they are only known to the person who has formulated the theory. It is really difficult to find a man with the right stuff and he should have it, not most of it. After the 2nd world war the US were in a race with the Russians for the space mission. It was really important for them to beat the Russians. Many pilots were recruited by the NASA for the space program. New pilots from the navy were also selected. The book tells about the US space program, the test pilots, astronauts and their wives. It shows what the pilots and their wives endured during the space program. The pilots were given a small introduction talk, here they were told about the right stuff and one should have it to get there and not most of it. Many guesses were made but resulted in failur e. Although the right stuff includes the term bravery but it’s not all about it. It includes many other stuff and requirement other than bravery and courage. The pilots underwent rigorous tests and many other tasks to check if they had the right stuff and pilots were being rejected based upon the theory of the right stuff. The pilots became obsessed with it by hearing it in each phase of the tests.

Poetry Explication Essay Example for Free

Poetry Explication Essay Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was called a â€Å"silver poet of his time because of the way he did not conform to the poet writing style of the Renaissance era. He became fairly popular with Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. But he fell out of her good graces when he secretly married ladies without her permission. The queen locked him in the Tower of London for some time, and while he was locked up he was writing poetry. He was ultimately arrested and executed in 1618 to appease the Spanish government for some ransacking that his men did on one of their voyages through America. His works are everything from plain to somber and that is one of the main things that made him a great poet. The Nymph’s Reply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† by Sir Walter Raleigh has many themes and interpretations. The poem describes love and time, but the most important thing that I think it describes is â€Å"Carpe Diem† or seizing the day. The poem is a response to Christopher Marlowe’s â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love†. Marlowe’s poem describes a shepherd trying to win over the one he loves by promising her all of these earthly things, but Raleigh’s poem is the woman seemingly denying the shepherd’s advances and saying that all of the earthly things that he promised will all eventually pass away and be forgotten. The Nymph says that the only way we can be together is if youth lasted forever and their passionate love knew no time. I believe that the theme of this poem is carpe diem and the poetic elements that support that are alliteration, visual imagery, and situational irony. The first element that helps describes Carpe Diem is in the poem is alliteration. Raleigh’s use of alliteration really helps get his points across to the reader and helps the transactions be smoother. Like in the line, â€Å"These pretty pleasures might me move† (1224), Raleigh uses alliteration to almost mock the shepherd’s advances on the nymph. And also in the line, â€Å"Time drives the flocks from field to fold† (1224), Raleigh  uses alliteration to help to say that time changes everything. That is the reason why alliteration supports the theme of Carpe Diem. The only way the Nymph will accept the shepherd’s love is if they forever live in the present where they are young and passionate. The nymph does not want earthly things that will wither or sour throughout time, but rather she wants things to be eternal and stay fresh. These examples are a perfect form of Carpe Diem, and that is why alliteration helps get the main point across to the reader. The next poetic element that helps represent Carpe Diem in the poem is the imagery, more specifically the visual imagery. Raleigh uses imagery to help support Carpe Diem by showing the disadvantages of time. He shows the readers how moods change with the seasons, flowers will wither, and things grow old all through imagery. Like in the lines, â€Å"Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten† (1224-1225), Raleigh helps the reader see the flowers withering through time. He even does so well as to put images in the reader’s mind of things fading away and being forgotten. When Raleigh uses imagery to diminish time he is also using it to uplift Carpe Diem at the same time. And that is how imagery helps support the theme of Carpe Diem. The final poetic element that helps support the theme of Carpe Diem is irony. And the specific irony used in the poem is situational irony. The sense of helplessness by the shepherd is apparent throughout the poem. The shepherd has to listen to the nymph deny all the things he promised her, and tell him that the only way that they can be together forever is if they can stay young forever. This is why it is situational irony because there is nothing the shepherd can do so that he and the nymph can live young forever. The best he can give her is Carpe Diem and try to live in the now while the passion is still fresh, but ultimately they could never be together forever. This sense of situational irony is why it is a perfect example of Carpe Diem. In conclusion the poem itself really displayed strong cultural values of its time period. It showed that during the time of romanticism Carpe Diem was a big thing back then. It was a great poem with many key points and I enjoyed  reading it.

evilmac womenmac Evil In Women and Its Effect on Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Evil In Women and Its Effect on Macbeth "...My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not." (1.3.140-143). Throughout Shakespeare's play, we see that Macbeth is the victim of evil seduction by women. In the above quote the evil is perpetrated by the witches. Lady Macbeth also plays a strong role in his moral corruption. "... the influence of Lady Macbeth (though she too has an inarticulate angel struggling against her own evil), and the instigation of a supernatural power all combine to crush his better nature." (Boyce 391). Macbeth would not have even thought of killing Duncan, if it were not for the influence of the witches and his wife. Historically, man has been corrupted by woman. Going back to the story of Adam and Eve, we see such an example. ".. she took of the fruit thereof, and she did eat it; and she gave it unto her husband..." (Genesis 3.6). Eve, out of fear, beguiled Adam. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and the witches, succumbing to greed, corrupted Macbeth. Lady Macbeth's actions parallel those of the witches. The witches planted the idea that Macbeth should become king. Lady Macbeth followed through with this idea by pushing Macbeth to kill Duncan. "... a very definition of the weird sisters - calling on them to unsex her to cram her with cruelty from top to toe..." (Bloom 29). This quote illustrates the connection between Lady Macbeth and the witches, showing us that they both participated in Macbeth's moral decline. Shakespeare, it seems, utilizes the symbol of the witches to portray the basic evil inherent in Lady Macbeth. One could not have worked without the other. If it were only the witches' prophecies, then Macbeth would surely not have murdered Duncan. It was because Lady Macbeth constantly harassed her husband, that he was driven to commit all this evil. "... her blood thickened, her milk changed to gaul - into the inhuman, the distortion of nature..." (Ludwyk 233). This illustrates the complete metamorphosis of Lady Macbeth from a loving, beautiful, caring, kind wife to a ruthless, nasty, shrew of a woman. The women in this play distort Macbeth's intuition so much that he thinks he is doing the right thing. "... his liberty of free choice is determined more and more by evil inclination and that he can not choose the better course..." (Bloom 55). Even after the deed is done, Lady Macbeth greets her husband and "... her greeting recalls the weird sisters.

Personality Theory: Albert Bandura & Carl Rogers Essay

Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. If one was to ask an ordinary individual to do so, some of the most common answers might be â€Å"a person’s characteristics† or â€Å"the impression (s) one makes on others†. Personality Theorists on the other hand view personality as the essence of the person, the individual’s true inner nature (Rathus, 2004). According to Carver and Scheier (2000), â€Å"Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings† (p.5). For this assignment the assumptions of the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theoretical paradigms of personality will be applied to evaluate the personality of the case study, M yesha. It will also discuss personality tests- methods/instruments, used to measure whether people are sad, glad or bad and how people with certain personality traits respond to life’s demand. Before one can begin to understand and assess this individual’s personality, it is important to briefly review the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theories of personality with their respective theorists such as Albert Bandura and for the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers. According to Passer & Smith (2007), social cognitive theory is a perspective that was developed by Albert Bandura. It â€Å"combines the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences† (p.467). It is proposed that an individual’s thoughts and actions originate in the social world and there is the capacity for self regulation and to engage in active cognitive processes (Bandu ra, 1999). The humanistic or phenomenological theories of personality view humans as innately good. Emphasis is placed on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world. Human nature includes a natural drive towards personal growth. We as humans have the ability to choose what we do regardless of environment and humans are pretty much conscious beings. We are not controlled by unconscious needs and conflicts (Engler, 2008). According to Rogers (1951) individuals possess the innate ability to know what is important to them, what is essential for a more fulfilling life. This is known as an Organismic Valuing Process. Myesha demonstrated this as she wanted to study Literatures in English, while her mother wanted her to follow in her stepfather’s footsteps and study Law instead. Rogers would have stated at this point that Myesha went against her Organismic Valuing Process and conformed to her mother’s wishes by studying Law. When significant others in an individual’s world, ( in Myesha’s case; her parents), provide positive regard that is conditional, rather than unconditional, the individual introjects the desired values, making them ones own, thus they acquire â€Å"conditions of worth† (Engler, 2008). As a result, the self concept becomes based on these standards of value, rather than on the organismic evaluation. According to Bandura (1978), while assessing an individual’s behavior, there are three interactional processes to consider; the person, the individual’s behaviour and the environmental setting. These factors all operate as interlocking determinants of each other and â€Å"it is largely through their actions that people produce the environmental conditions that affect their behavior in a reciprocal fashion† (Funder & Ozer, 2001, p.461) (see Appendix 1). This process involves a triadic reciprocal interaction rather than a dyadic conjoint or a dyadic bi directional one (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). For instance Myesha quickly realized that Law was not for her. She considered dropping out of the University as she had gotten involved with a spoken word group around this time. As a result, her stepfather threatened to stop supporting her if she dropped out and this placed a strain on family relationships. These are all factors of cause and effect, which are influencing each other. Bandura views Myesha as an agentic operator in her life. He would believe that she has the capability to intentionally make things happen by her actions and that she is not an â€Å"onlooking host of internal mechanisms orchestrated by environmental events† (Bandura, 2001, p.2). Individuals are sentient agents of experiences rather than simply undergoers of experience. The sensory motor and cerebral systems are tools people use to accomplish the tasks and goals that give meaning and direction in their lives (Harrà © & Gillet 1994). Carl Rogers also agrees to some degree with Bandura, in the belief that the environment also affects us and the people in our environment determine what our behavior will be like (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). He also believes that her experience in the spoken word group can have an impact on her personal growth and individual experiences. The belief is that Myesha’s experiences are unique, and that her perception of the world is critical to understanding and achieving a particular behavior that would be identical to her becoming a self-actualized individual (Gladding, 2004; Engler, 2008). Social cognitive theory maintains that most human behaviour is self-regulated. Through cumulative direct and vicarious experience, people develop performance standards that they use to evaluate their own behaviour. Almost constantly the person compares what he or she does in a situation with some performance standard (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Bandura (1974), these standards are prescribed by socialization agents and parents who define the conduct worthy of reward. Responses from these individuals are either negative or positive based on the valued levels. For example, if performance is achieved or exceeds the standards, an individual’s parents may react in a positive manner towards the child. This child will experience intrinsic reinforcement. On the other hand if performance falls short of a standard, the person experiences intrinsic punishment, as a result of the negative reaction exhibited by one’s parents, social agents or ones self (Hergenhan & Olson, 1999). Although Myesha seemed to be able to manage her performance in the Law programme, her decision not to attend her class presentation may be viewed as a form of intrinsic punishment. Bandura and Kupers (1964) for example, found that children, exposed to models who set high performance standards, reinforced themselves only for superior performance, whereas children, exposed to models accepting minimal performance standards, reinforced themselves for minimal performance. It would be expected then that relevant people in a child’s life, for instance parents, siblings and peers, would have a profound influence on the development of a child’s performance standards. We see that Myesha’s success as a straight ‘A’ student throughout primary school transitioned to a declining performance upon entering secondary school. Additionally, we need to consider her family relationship as a contributing factor. At this time, her brother was considered the favourite by her mother and stepfather. Additionally, performance standards must be realistic. In other words, if they are too lenient, they will be too easily met, and little, if any, self-reinforcement will result from performing in accordance with them (Bandura 1974). If they are too stringent, one will experience frustration or worse. In Myesha’s case, her stepfather threatened to withdraw financial support if she dropped out of the Law programme and this further caused their relationship to become strained. Her brother’s attitude was negative and her mother became depressed. Bandura (1986) says, â€Å"In its more extreme forms, harsh standards for self-evaluation give rise to depressive reactions, chronic discouragement, feelings of worthlessness, and lack of purposefulness†. According to Hergenhan and Olson (1999), Bandura observed among the mechanisms of personal agency, none is more central or pervasive than people’s beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over events that a ffect their lives. Self-efficacy refers to what a person is actually capable of doing, that is, belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (Bandura, 1994). This is known as perceived self efficacy (Bandura, in press, p. 2). According to Pajares (1996), these beliefs of personal competence effect behaviour in several ways as they influence the choices individuals make and the courses of action they pursue (544). Individuals engage in tasks in which they feel competent and confident and avoid those in which they do not. This was exhibited by Myesha with her spoken word group becoming very popular on the local scene. At this point, according to Bandura, Myesha has a high self esteem and a high self efficacy, as she enjoys performing with her group (Pervin et al., 2005). In contrast, she considers dropping out of the Law programme, as it is something that she does not enjoy, but is still capable of doing. She knew the material for her presentation, but Myesha still skipped it. In doing so, she exhibited a high self esteem, because she knew the work and yet at the same time, she possessed a low sense of self efficacy, as she was unable to achieve a high grade on the presentation as she found it difficult to think about it. Rogers (as cited in Barone, Hersen, Vincent & Hasselt, 2004) stated, an organism functions to maintain consistency among self perceptions and congruence between perceptions of the self and experiences. According to Lecky (as cited in Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987), self conceptions are important for survival because they enable individuals to predict and control the nature of social reality. Thus â€Å"individuals are therefore motivated to preserve their self views which they do by thinking and behaving in ways that perpetuate their conceptions of self† which was demonstrated by Myesha when she skipped the presentation (Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987 ,p.881). Rogers states however that if Myesha continues to participate in the spoken word group she is more likely to achieve her â€Å"ideal self† in agreement with the result shown from Bandura’s High self efficacy (Friedman & Schustack, 2008). The humanistic or phenomenological, theories of personality suggest that she should have a positive and optimistic view of her behaviour and she should take life into her own hands and stop doing law which is making her unhappy. She should continue being involved with her spoken word group which she is successful at. Then being able to finance herself in the degree she wants to do as she is old enough to do so (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Pervin et al. (2005), â€Å"Bandura believes that social and economic conditions influence individual’s beliefs about their ability to influence events† (p.419). In the case study Myesha’s emotional ties to her family along with her step father threatening to withdraw his financial support led her to continue with the Law programme. In contrast Rogers (as cited in Kahn & Rachman, 2000), views Myesha’s decision to continue with the Law programme as a need for positive regard, which is acceptance, peace and financial support from her family. Myesha’s decision is also an indication that the conditions of worth still exists. However based on Roger’s conditional positive regard, she is bending herself out of shape to please her family (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). Experiences in accordance with these conditions are perceived and symbolized accurately in awareness, while those that are not are denied and distorted into awareness, which may lead to incongruence between the self as perceived and the actual experience of the individual, also resulting in possible tension, confusion and maladaptive behaviour (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). These said experiences can be perceived as threatening by an organism without conscious awareness, utilizing a process known as subception, which is a form of discrimination without awareness that can result in anxiety. This was displayed when Myesha thrashed in bed, sweating and her heart pounding the night before she was to do the presentation (Barone et al., 2004). Carl Roger proposed that Myesha is living in the here and now as she is involved with the spoken word group which she enjoys. This is what he calls existential living, which is on the basis that the present is the only reality that one has. Social cognitive theory disagrees with this notion in that â€Å"a primary determinant in an individual’s actions and emotions is in ones expectations about the future† (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 425). Organisms possess expectancies regarding topics such as behaviour of others, the rewards or punishments that may follow a certain type of behaviour, or an indvidual’s ability to handle stress and challenges. It is this system of thoughts about the future that constitutes the person’s expectations. In the case of Myesha, she felt an immediate sense of relief when she played truant and did not take part in the presentation, she also felt guilty and worried over the consequences of her failure (Pervin et al., 2005). Recommended Instruments to assess Myesha’s personality When one speaks of personality assignment in psychology, activities include the diagnosis of mental illness, prediction of behaviour, measurement of unconscious processes and quantification of interpersonal styles and tendencies. Although all of these descriptions may be true for different clinicians working with various client groups, this listing may not accurately capture the full range of modern personality assessment. Personality assessment therefore is a complex clinical enterprise where the tools of assessment are used in concert with data from referring providers, such as, clients, families, schools, courts and other influential sources (). In order to assess Myesha’s personality, we should briefly look at her perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as a person’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes (Betz, Klein & Taylor, 1996). They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. We see that Myesha’s struggle to choose a career, has affect on her self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that we measure her personality using the ‘Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale’ (CDSE). The CDMSE is a well-developed construct. Hackett and Betz (1981), were the first to apply Bandura’s (1977) propositions about self-efficacy to career behaviour in a seminal study of women’s career development. They demonstrated that career decisions, achievements and adjustment behaviours were subject to the influence of self-efficacy beliefs in both men and women. Taylor and Betz (1983) developed the Career Decision-making Self-efficacy (CDMSE) scale to measure these self-efficacy expectations, in terms of goal selection, occupational information, problem solving, planning, and self-appraisal. In the process, Taylor and Betz demonstrated that participants with lower levels of efficacy for decision-making were also more undecided. Another instrument that will be used to assess Myesha’s personality is the Q-Sort. The Q-Sort is a technique used by humanistic theorists such as Carl Rogers, to measure the self concept of an individual (Hergenhan and Olson, 1999). The Q-Sort assessment was developed by Stephenson (1953). This assessment was used to help individuals to differentiate between the ideal self and the concepts of the self, since human beings struggle with the concepts of who they really are as Myesha exhibited in the case study (Barone, Hersen,Vincent & Hasselt, 2004). The Q-Sort consists of a deck of 100 cards, each containing fairly specific characteristic statements within an individual’s personality such as â€Å"detail oriented† or â€Å"high self-esteem†(see Appendix 2). Since the individual chooses the cards this enables the psychologists conducting the assessment to have some control in the results of the assessment and to find the origin of Myesha’s behaviour, also defining what they want to know. The goal of this assessment is to determine where a person is at, relative to these qualities, at the beginning of treatment and then to re-assess at various intervals and at the end to determine progress (Engler, 2008). As the name indicates, Myesha will have to sort the cards in accordance to what she believes are her characteristics and place them in categories. This will enable Myesha and the tester to be able to see the differences and discrepancies between the real and ideal self as well as examine and highlight the level of self esteem. Meysha’s real self will reflect immediate circumstances, experiences and self characterization, while her ideal self should enable her to relate to the future by setting goals to which she would aspire, rather than goals that others want her to obtain. This technique is often best used on students. Myesha is a student and this assessment will indicate how empathy, conditional positive regard and genuineness have played a role in her personal growth. This will enable the psychologists to help her to come to some realization of who she is and how to work towards who she needs to be. These two instruments will allow Myesha to have an understanding of who she is and this should also enable her to successfully cope with, or eliminate, her anxiety as she strives towards her future goals. References Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, Encyclopedia of human behavior. Academic Press, 4, 77-81 Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, A., & Kupers, C. J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self-reinforcement through modelling. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 1-9 Bandura, A (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. Retrieved on 12th Feb 2010 http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura1999HP.pdf Bandura, A. (2001) Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 52, 1-26. Bandura, A. (in press). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (1974). The case of the Mistaken Dependent Variable. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83 (3), 301-303. Bandura, A. (1978). The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism. American Psychological Association, 33 (4), 344 – 358. Barone,F. D., Hersen,V., B, V., & Hasselt, V.( 2004). Advanced Personality (1st Ed). Springer. Betz, N., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 399-410. Betz, N. E., Klein, K., Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision- Making Self-Efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 47-57. Carver,C.S and Scheier,M.F. (2000).Perspectives on personality (4th Ed.)Allyn and Bacon. Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories (8th Ed). Wadsworth Publishing. Friedman, S. H., & Schustack, W. M. (2008). Personality Classic Theories and Modern Research (4th Ed). Allyn & Bacon. Funder , C. D., & Ozer, J. D. (2001). Pieces of The Personality Puzzle (2nd Ed). Norton and Company Inc. Gladding, T. S, (2000). Counseling: A Comprehensive profession (4th Ed). Prentice Hall, Inc. Harrà ©, R., & Gillet, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Hergenhan, B.R., Olson, M. H. (1999). An introduction to theories of personality. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66 (4), 543-578. Passer, W. M., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior (3rd Ed). McGraw Hill. Pervin, A. L., Cervone, D., & john, P.O. (2005). Personality Theory and Research (Eds). John Wiley. Rathus, A.S. (2004). Psychology Concepts and Connections. New York: Thomson Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications,and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Schultz, P. D., & Schultz, E. S. (2008). Theories of Persoanlity (9th Ed). Wadworth Publishing. Swann, B. W.,Griffin, J. J., Predmore, C. C., & Gaines, B. (1987). The cognitive affect crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Taylor, K., & Betz, N. (1983). Applications of self efficacy theory to understanding the treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63-81.

Job Satisfaction And Its Importance In The Workplace Education Essay

Job satisfaction is progressively going of import in the workplace. Employers now recognise that the â€Å" happier † their employees are, the better will be their attitudes towards the work, the higher their motive and the better will be their public presentation. Job satisfaction in any field of work depends a batch on how contributing the work environment is. The work itself, the wage and the range for publicity are merely some of the factors which have an impact on occupation satisfaction. â€Å" Educators ‘ occupation satisfaction is of import as it has a direct impact on pupils ‘ accomplishment and their hereafter calling † ( Pitkoff, 1993 ) . An pedagogue who is unsatisfied with his/her occupation tends to be unmotivated and more likely to get away from his/her duties. In these fortunes, we tend to see an addition in absenteeism among instructors. Such pedagogues normally show small concern in school affairs and this evidently has a negative impact on the public presentation of our kids. Assorted surveies have been carried out in the yesteryear to measure the impact of motive and occupation satisfaction on employee productiveness and public presentation ( Vroom, 1964 ) . Some of these surveies have found a positive relationship between occupation satisfaction and occupation public presentation which leads to the decision that satisfied employees tend to execute much better than less satisfied 1s.2.1 Definition of occupation satisfactionJob satisfaction is one of the most investigated subjects in the Fieldss of organisational behavior. The most-used research definition of occupation satisfaction is by Locke ( 1976 ) , who defined it as â€Å" . . . a enjoyable or positive emotional province ensuing from the assessment of one ‘s occupation or occupation experiences † ( p. 1304 ) . It is now recognized that occupation satisfaction is a planetary construct that besides comprises assorted aspects ( Judge et al. , 2001 ) including wage, publicities, colleagues , supervising, the work itself, acknowledgment, working conditions, and company and direction. Job satisfaction has besides been defined as â€Å" the extent to which a staff member has favorable or positive feelings about work or the work environment † ( De Nobile, 2003 ) . It refers to the positive attitudes or emotional temperaments people may derive from work or through facets of work ( Furnham, 1997 ; Locke, 1976 ) . Ivancevich et Al. ( 1997 ) defined occupation satisfaction as the feeling and perceptual experience of a worker sing his/her work and how he or she feels himself good in an organisation. Davis and Newstrom ( 2003 ) and Dessler ( 2001 ) depict occupation satisfaction as a set of favourable or unfavourable feelings for the employees to comprehend their work and that determine the possibility of a major temperament to accomplish higher public presentation. Therefore, occupation satisfaction refers to an person ‘s general attitude toward his or her occupation ( Robbins, 1998 ) . Jensen ( 2000 ) defines occupation satisfaction as: â€Å" a sense of personal growing most frequently measured by the extent of new challenges and larning state of affairss experienced † ( p. 1 ) . On the other manus, occupation dissatisfaction refers to â€Å" unhappy or negative feelings about work or the work environment † ( Furnham, 1997 ) . There exist many factors which may ensue in occupation dissatisfaction. Some of them are hapless on the job conditions, overwork, low degrees of wage, no range of publicity or calling promotion and deficiency of acknowledgment. But what is worst are the effects of occupation dissatisfaction which evidently affect both the employees and the organisation. It may ensue in loss of motive, deficiency of involvement, defeat, hapless productiveness, absenteeism and even high turnover rates. To sum up, we can state that occupation satisfaction describes how content an single with his or her occupation and besides implies making a occupation one enjoys, making it good, and being appropriately rewarded for one ‘s attempts. Job satisfaction farther implies enthusiasm and felicity with one ‘s work.2.2 Factors impacting occupation satisfactionJob satisfaction depends on several different factors such as satisfaction with wage, publicity chances, periphery benefits, occupation security, relationship with colleagues and supervisors and communicating within the administration. ( Nguyen, Taylor, & A ; Bradley, 2003 ) . Job satisfaction may take to be decrease by cut downing absences, undertaking mistakes, struggles at work and turnover. As work is an of import facet of people ‘s lives and most people spend a big portion of their working lives at work, understanding the factors involved in occupation satisfaction is important to bettering employees ‘ public presentation and productiveness.2.2.1 AgeAge is one of the factors impacting occupation satisfaction. Assorted surveies carried out in this field have shown that occupation satisfaction tends to increase with age. That is older employees tend to describe higher satisfaction and younger employees report the lowest occupation satisfaction rates ( Warr, 1992 ) . However, the survey carried out by Oshagbemi ( 2003 ) in United Kingdom ( UK ) , found that the relationship between occupation satisfaction and age was undistinguished for employees of the UK universities.2.2.2 GenderSeveral research workers have examined the relationship between occupation satisfaction and gender ( Mason, 1995 ) . However, most surveies have shown contractions in the relationship between occupation satisfaction and gender of the employees. On one manus, some surveies have found adult females to be more satisfied than work forces ( Ward and Sloane, 1998 ) , whereas other surveies have found work forces to be more satisfied than adult females ( Forgionne and Peters, 1982 ) .2.2.3 Working environmentIt is indispensable to supply employees with a work environment which is contributing to their overall development. They need an environment which is healthy and safe and which caters for both personal comfort and facilitates making a good occupation. As mentioned earlier, people spend a high per centum of their life-time at work. So we can state that employees expect more than money for the work they do. Hence, it can be said that holding a friendly and supportive environment can take to increased occupation satisfaction. Syptak, Marshland and Ulmer ( 1999 ) advise administrations to make everything they can to maintain the company ‘s equipment and installations up to day of the month. In their article, they besides recommend administrations to â€Å" avoid overcrowding and let each employee his or her ain personal infinite, whether it is a desk, a cabinet or even merely a drawer † ( p. 1 ) .2.2.4 Fair policies and patternsâ€Å" Persons who perceive that publicity determinations are made in a just and merely mode are likely to see satisfaction from their occupations † ( Witt and Nye, 1992 ) . Very frequently employees are demotivated and dissatisfied with their occupations because unjust policies and patterns prevail at their topographic point of work. It is hence of extreme importance for organisation to hold a just and equal system in footings of patterns and policies so that there is no favoritism and defeat. It is a fact that organisation which follows the right processs to advance employees creates a civilization of trust, trueness and beliefs in the whole organisation. When an employee gets just publicity, which is by and large based on his true appraisal, he gets a type of acknowledgment, and therefore, increases his occupation satisfaction. In other words, we can state that publicity provides chances for personal growing, more duties, and in creased societal position.2.2.5 Caring organisationTaylor ( 2000 ) suggested that occupation satisfaction is straight related to a company ‘s investing in its employees ‘ well- being. Arthur ( 2001 ) pointed out that employees want to believe their company truly cares about them. Care can be shown in assorted ways, but by and large it takes into consideration calling development, grownup intervention, being taken earnestly and being appreciated for a occupation good done. ( p. 221 ) . When people feel that the organisation for which they are working attentions for them and takes actions in order to better their work and lives, they are happy and this creates higher satisfaction. These employees moreover become loyal and committed.Advantages of occupation satisfaction to the administrationThe Frederick Herzberg ‘s theory and occupation satisfaction To better understand what keeps occupation satisfaction high, it is of import to remember Frederick Herzberg ‘s theory. The latter put frontward that satisfaction on the occupation depends on two elements: hygiene issues and incentives. Hygiene issues ( dissatisfiers ) Incentives ( satisfiers ) Organizational policies Work itself Kind of supervising Achievement Salary Recognition Interpersonal dealingss Duty Working conditions Growth chances Job security Harmonizing to the Herzberg ‘s theory, â€Å" Hygiene issues can non actuate employees but they can assist to minimise dissatisfaction, if handled decently † ( p. 1 ) . These issues are straight related to the employee ‘s working environment. On the other manus, incentives create satisfaction by carry throughing person ‘s demands for significance and personal growing ( Syptak, Marshland and Ulmer, 1999 ) . The above theory can be really helpful in steering organisations on how to keep employee satisfaction.Job satisfaction and productivenessSurveies have shown that, merely a few organisations believe that occupation satisfaction is a important component in their overall scheme and really small is being done to advance it. This can be due to the fact that many administrations fail to understand the nexus between occupation satisfaction and productiveness. Should we non care about occupation satisfaction? Is it true to state that happy workers are productive 1s ? In fact, in the right conditions and scenes, occupation satisfaction can to a great degree lead to higher productiveness. If employees feel that their occupations are fun and interesting, they will be more willing to give excess attempt at work for the benefit of the whole organisation. Alternatively if employees have the feeling that their businesss are nonmeaningful and deadening, they will hold a negative attitude which will decidedly take to a diminution in productiveness.Job satisfaction helps to make a better working environmentWhen employees are basking a higher grade of occupation satisfaction they tend to be more helpful and friendly with their co-workers at work. This helps to advance teamwork where sharing of information and cognition is enhanced. Furthermore surveies have shown that occupation satisfaction among employees may take to a better and safer working environment with lesser negative struggles which otherwise would hinder the smooth running of the organisation .Job satisfaction and absenteeism and turnoverHigh rate of turnover has ever been a great job to many organisations. It evidently consequences in loss of potencies and endowments and causes immense losingss in footings of extra costs. Harmonizing to Sattler and Mullen, by and large, the more productive people are, the more satisfied they tend to be and when employees feel satisfied they are less likely to go forth the organisation. ( 2007 ) . From this, we can state that in order to retain gifted people in the administrations, directors need to invent schemes in order to convey about occupation satisfaction. Once employees are happy and satisfied at work, the rate of absenteeism and turnover will be lower.Accomplishment and dutyHarmonizing to Herzberg theory, accomplishment and duty are two of import motivational factors which can be used to make occupation satisfaction at work. Noe ( 2005 ) suggests that larning can be facilitated by supplying employees with specific disputing ends and aims † ( p.111 ) . In this context, directors need to put clear and accomplishable ends to their employees. This will assist to supply employees with a sense of accomplishment on completion of undertakings and may convey approximately more satisfaction. Furthermore administrations need to authorise and promote their employees to take more duty. Such schemes do assist to convey more satisfaction in employees and do them more loyal, committed and will hold ownership involvements in their occupations.Employee satisfaction can take to client satisfactionNumerous surveies have been carried out to look at the nexus between client and employee satisfaction. Many of them have shown a relationship between employee satisfaction, client satisfaction and profitableness. For illustration, a survey carried out at Sears Roebuck & A ; Co. showed that â€Å" a five-point betterment in employee attitudes led to a 1.3 rise in client satisfaction which, in bend, generated a 0.5 addition in revenues. â€Å" Brooks ( 2000 ) reviewed the relationship between fiscal success and client and employee variables ( e.g. , client satisfaction, employee satisfaction, etc. ) and found that, depending on market section and industry, between 40 and 80 per centum of client satisfaction and client trueness was accounted for by the relationship between employee attitudes and customer-related variables. Similarly, Vilares and Cohelo ( 2000 ) found that sensed employee satisfaction, perceived employee trueness, and perceived employee committedness had a ample impact on sensed merchandise quality and on sensed service quality. In other words, when our staff is happy, our clients will be excessively. At the bosom of these enterprises is a strong belief that today ‘s employee satisfaction, trueness and commitment influence tomorrow ‘s client satisfaction, trueness and commitment-and, finally, the organisation ‘s net income and growing. Job satisfaction is a affair of great significance for employers. As shown above, organisations benefit a batch from satisfied employees in the undermentioned ways: aˆ? Lower staff turnover aˆ? Higher productiveness aˆ? Reduction in struggles and ailments aˆ? Punctuality ( decreased lateness ) aˆ? Better worked morale Therefore, we can state that occupation dissatisfaction affects both the administration and the employees negatively. If occupation dissatisfaction prevails, the administration is likely to be affected through hapless client service, quality production and profitableness. It is a clear and obvious that employees missing trueness and committedness will demo really small original thought and will remove themselves really frequently from work. All these put together will clearly ensue in hapless public presentation and low profitableness for the administration.Job satisfaction in the primary educational sectorIt is known to everyone that wages and acknowledgment are really scarce when it comes to the primary educational sector. Numerous surveies carried out by sociologists have confirmed this. Furthermore, as most of the instructors ‘ work is being carried out within the walls of closed schoolrooms, instructors frequently find themselves isolated from others without any support fr om equals and higher-ups. Due to such organizational construction, instructors do non have appropriate feedback from others and frequently happen it difficult to work together so as to better their work. Harmonizing to Frase, 1992, many instructors leave learning within the first three old ages of employment as a consequence of these conditions. Decision shapers hence need to happen ways to retain instructors in the profession and maintain them motivated and at the same clip promote satisfaction. Surveies have shown reasonably convincingly that instructors are motivated more by intrinsic than by extrinsic wagess. Pastor and Erlandson ( 1982 ) Carried out a study which found that instructors identify their demands and mensurate their occupation satisfaction by factors such as engagement in decision-making, usage of valued accomplishments, freedom and independency, challenge, look of creativeness, and chance for larning. In a study conducted by Brodinsky and Neill ( 1983 ) , a bulk of school decision makers ( and instructors ) cited three policies that efficaciously improved morale and motivated their staffs: shared administration, in-service instruction, and systematic and supportive rating.New Theories of Teacher MotivationFrase, 1992 identified two sets of factors that affect instructors ‘ ability to execute efficaciously and hence derive occupation satisfaction. These two factors are 1. Work context factors 2. Work content factors. Work Context Factors Work context factors are those which meet the basic demands such as aˆ? the category size aˆ? subject conditions aˆ? handiness of learning stuffs aˆ? the quality of the caput maestro ‘s supervising and his/her leading manner Harmonizing to Frase, 1992, the above context factors do non convey occupation satisfaction as such. However, during their absences or if non good handled, jobs which might impact the instruction and larning procedure might harvest. They may therefore take to occupation dissatisfaction. Work Content Factors Harmonizing to Frase, one time once more, work content factors are intrinsic facets related to the work itself. They include chances for aˆ? professional development such as farther on occupation developing taking to personal growing aˆ? Recognition of difficult work aˆ? challenging and varied undertakings aˆ? increased duty and authorization aˆ? accomplishment and authorization. Surveies carried out by the National Center for Education Statistics in the United States ( 1997 ) have clearly shown that instructors who do non experience supported in the above Fieldss are less motivated to make their best work in the schoolroom. Their informations confirm that â€Å" staff acknowledgment, parental support, teacher engagement in school determination devising and control in the schoolroom are the factors most strongly associated with teacher satisfaction † .Troubles pedagogues face in the schoolroomAs an pedagogue, it can convey much satisfaction to see pupils develop new accomplishments and competencies and accomplish success in footings of cognition. However, it may be thwarting when one is covering with unmotivated or disrespectful pupils. Very frequently, instructors must get by with boisterous behavior and force in the schools. Teachers may see emphasis in covering with big categories, heavy work loads, or old schools that are run down and lack many mod ern installations. Accountability criterions besides may increase emphasis degrees, with instructors expected to bring forth pupils who are able to exhibit satisfactory public presentation on standardized trials in nucleus topics. Many instructors are besides frustrated by the deficiency of control they have over what they are required to learn.Working ConditionssIt takes a nice work environment to learn good. Art 8 or the 1966 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation states that, we must better the on the job conditions and school environment so as to â€Å" best promote effectual acquisition and instruction, and enable instructors to concentrate on their professional undertakings. † Workload has to be just to be able to transport or tasks efficaciously and must non hold a negative impact on the wellness and safety of instructors. Besides, the governments must give equal instruction resources to all educational establishments.School climeThe values, attitudes, outlooks and behaviour more o r less shared by the members of a school community are by and large referred to as school clime. A positive school clime plays an of import function in furthering instructors ‘ public presentation, academic accomplishment of pupils and school motive. A positive school clime nurtures an ambiance of trust and common regard between each and everyone in the school. Teachers would wish to work in schools where they can experience comfy with their co-workers and the school leading. Therefore, making a healthy school environment for everyone Begins by back uping healthy relationships among the staff. Healthy relationships produce a clime conducive to honesty, unfastened communicating, and risk-taking ( Ames & A ; Miller, 1994 ) . In a true acquisition community, concerted acquisition and common regard are expected of module every bit good as pupils. Establishing a supportive school environment additions self-esteem and accomplishment ( Cantwell, 2003 ) .LeadershipTeachers are more satisfied when their caput instructors are good and theoretical account leaders. This includes actuating employees to make a good occupation and endeavoring for excellence. Effective caput instructors create constructions in which it is clear that instructors have a certain authorization. In certain schools some head instructors empower their instructors to work on certain undertakings like making a media and audio ocular room, or making other constructions for the benefit and public a ssistance of pupils every bit good as for staff members. Such sort of authorization and trust in employees yield committedness, trueness and higher public presentation at the topographic point of work. Such leaders motivate subsidiaries to make more than originally expected. They raise the consciousness of subsidiaries about the importance and value of designated results and ways of making them and, in bend, acquire subsidiaries to exceed their ain immediate opportunisms for the interest of the mission and vision of the organisation. ( Yammarino, Spangler and Bass,1993 ) .Teachers ‘ public presentationEducators ‘ occupation is one which does non bring forth touchable goods whose quality could be measured quantitatively. Their occupations consist of fixing students of 5-11 old ages old academically and assist them in their overall development. As a affair of fact, it is hard to mensurate their public presentation. A few old ages back, with superior system at the CPE degree, inspectors and school caput instructors used to measure the public presentation of their staff by analysing the public presentation of pupils in the concluding test. However, this is non an ideal manner of mensurating public presentation as there are other factors apart from the CPE base on balls rate which are linked to the instructor ‘s public presentation. Training After completion of a two twelvemonth sheepskin class at the Mauritius Institute of Education ( MIE ) , the pedagogue is posted in a given school and is assigned the duty of a category. The MIE together with the Ministry of Education offer auxiliary classs so as to upgrade the criterions of pedagogues and at the same clip maintain them abreast alterations happening in footings of methodological analysis, contents and course of study. Some of these classs are: aˆ? Certificate in Educational Management aˆ? Diploma in Educational Management aˆ? Advanced Certificate in Educational Management After the completion of these classs, pedagogues are eligible for a rise in their salary and furthermore are eligible to contend for occupations like Deputy Head Teacher and Head Teacher. It is a fact that the more positive the perceptual experiences employees have refering the utility and range of promotion the preparation Sessionss will supply to them, the higher will their occupation satisfaction. Promotional chances Promotion in the primary sector is based on senior status. It is merely after about 20 five old ages of service that a instructor will be automatically promoted to Deputy Head Teacher. From at that place, the latter will hold to wait for some five more old ages to draw a bead on to go the caput of a school. As a affair of fact, the promotional range is instead restricted and this is a existent demotivating factor to many pedagogues in the field.

Quotes About New Years Resolutions

Quotes About New Year's Resolutions Want to get fighting fit? Or kick a bad habit? Make a New Years resolution and you are part of the  way there. The tricky part in making New Years resolutions is sticking to them. The loftier the resolution, the tougher it is to hang on to. It takes steely nerves and determination to live by what you resolve. Read these quotes about New Years resolutions to motivate you to keep your resolutions and improve your life. Neil GaimanI hope that in this year to come, you make mistakes. Because if you are making mistakes, then you are making new things, trying new things, learning, living, pushing yourself, changing yourself, changing your world. Youre doing things youve never done before, and more importantly, youre doing something. Maria EdgeworthThere is no moment like the present. The man who will not execute his resolutions when they are fresh upon him can have no hope from them afterward; they will be dissipated, lost, and perish in the hurry and scurry of the world, or sunk in the slough of indolence. Melody BeattieThe new year stands before us like a chapter in a book, waiting to be written. We can help write that story by setting goals.Alfred Lord TennysonHope smiles from the threshold of the year to come, whispering, It will be happier. AnonymousA dogs New Years Resolution: I will not chase that stick unless I actually see it leave his hand!John BurroughsOne resolution I have made, and try always to keep, is this: To rise above the little things.Mark TwainNew Years Day. Now is the accepted time to make your regular annual good resolutions. Next week you can begin paving hell with them as usual. Cyril CusackIf you asked me for my New Year Resolution, it would be to find out who I am. Andre GideBut can one still make resolutions when one is over 40? I live according to 20-year-old habits.Helen Fielding, Bridget Joness DiaryI do think New Years resolutions cant technically be expected to begin on New Years Day, dont you? Since, because its an extension of New Years Eve, smokers are already on a smoking roll and cannot be expected to stop abruptly on the stroke of midnight with so much nicotine in the system. Also dieting on New Years Day isnt a good idea as you cant eat rationally but really need to be free to consume whatever is necessary, moment by moment, in order to ease your hangover. I think it would be much more sensible if resolutions began generally on January the second.John SeldenNever tell your resolution beforehand, or its twice as onerous a duty.Henry MooreI think in terms of the days resolutions, not the years.When we once begin to form good resolutions, God gives us every opportunity of carrying them out. Albert EinsteinLearn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. F.M. KnowlesHe who breaks a resolution is a weakling; He who makes one is a fool.

Role of family environment in adult criminality Essay

Role of family environment in adult criminality - Essay Example Juvenile delinquency is the display of criminal attitude by youngsters in the age of transition into adulthood while adult criminality is the display of violent behaviors in adulthood. A whole range of antisocial behaviors are displayed by the juvenile delinquents that include but are not limited to drug abuse, alcohol abuse, vandalism, rape, weapon possession, bullying, school malpractices, truancy, and cultism which make them criminal as grownups. There is a growing consensus among the analysts that adult crime finds its roots in the family environment an individual spends his/her childhood in (Eitle and Turner, 2002, p. 215). There is dire need to realize the specific factors ingrained in the corrupt family environment which are responsible for enhancing a child’s tendency to land in the world of crime. This paper aims at discussing some of the ways in which children gain negative influences from the family environment. Antisocial behavior of parents increases their children’s tendency to become delinquent and antisocial. Several studies including McCord (1977) and Robins (1979) have depicted the criminality of parents as the causal factor behind the child delinquency. Family factors have been identified as strong determinants of criminality in children. We know that children who grow up in homes are characterized by lack of warmth and support, whose parents lack behavior management skills, and whose lives are characterized by conflict or maltreatment will more likely be delinquent, whereas a supportive family can protect children even in a very hostile and damaging external environment. (Smith and Stern, 1997, p. 383). In Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the most comprehensive research upon family offence was conducted that included 400 males of all ages in the range of 8 years to 48 years (Farrington et al., 2006). The researchers predicted a boy’s convictions due to his relationship with a convicted brother, sister, father or mother. It was found that each of these relatives had his/her own independent significance as predictor, though the level of influence was controlled by certain factors including gender and age. 63 per cent of the convicted boys had convicted fathers as compared to 30 per cent of the boys tha t had non-convicted fathers. In determining the influence of relationships upon a boy’s delinquency, same-sex relationships were found to be more influential in comparison to the opposite-sex relationships. Also, the influence of criminality of elder siblings was found to be more than that of younger siblings. Sexual abuse that girls experience at home triggers the motivation in them to run away with a view to escaping the abuse they are offered at home (Siegel and Williams, 2003, p. 71). This act of leaving the home may results into an incarceration along with different kinds of offending. In order to make their living while away from home, many girls become thieves or prostitutes. A lot of retrospective investigations have found the origin of prostitution in the childhood sexual abuse. Studies by Reich and Gutierres (1979) and Ames and Widom (1998) have shown that sexual abuse at home is a predictor of running away from home with a great statistical significance. A research directed at exploring the causes of male and female runaways determined that sexual abuse was a reason for leaving home only for females (Welsh et al., 1995). Child neglect and abuse may cause improper development of several areas of brain which may become the root-cause of impaired physical, emotional and psychological development. Certain regions of the brain may display a hyperarousal response as a result of the stress caused by the chronic abuse. Its consequences may include but are not limited to sleep disturbance, hyperactivity, and tension. Besides, it increases an individual’s vulnerability to attention deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,

Parables of a Violent World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Parables of a Violent World - Article Example Writers such as William Vollmann and others help to accomplish this important goal. McMurphy, the hero of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, is a quintessential individualist. He marches to the beat of his own drum and follows his own direction in life. He refuses to follow orders and seeks out pleasure. He has an irrepressible charm that works on nearly everyone around him. He is also a natural leader in his own way. But McMurphy is not approved of. He is too individualistic and non-conformist. Although he seems American in his self-reliance, in the course of the novel he runs into serious problems from a new, more materialistic, mechanical, conformist America, represented by the institution. The job of the institution, of the anesthetizing culture that currently surrounds us in America, is to repress the irrepressible. Too many outbursts, too many adventures, are bad for business, the institution says. It locks away and neutralizes people like McMurphy who don't fit in properly and h ave no desire to do so (Kesey). This is important to understand in light of what we saw after September 11. After the terrorist attacks there was a call to arms, and also, subsequently, a call to uniformity and conformity. We were asked to march to the beat of the same drum. The president ordered us into Iraq and we were supposed to obey. Those who disagreed had their patriotism questioned. In the administration itself, we saw how people were fired for disagreeing with the president. Times have changed since then. A cultural lull has descended on the country as politics have begun to calm down. Now we have access to endless entertainment much of which is not unlike having a lobotomy. The rise of excessive celebrity culture has been representative of the last few years. Everywhere you look celebrities pose in photographs and behave outrageously on television. There is no content to their actions. In a sense, they are simply a culture anesthetic, designed to lull us into complacency, just as the drugs in Kesey's mental hospital lull the patients into a stupor. The question we must ask ourselves, faced with all of this, is how best to respond? From time immemorial, it has been writers who take a stand against injustice and cultural complacency. Through their work, they skilfully satirize and pick apart the wrongs of the status quo and show us a better way to live. They celebrate the best of what is America and condemn the worst. We can see this in action in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. What we need more than ever, is skillful writers to take on the twin challenges of today: terror and celebrity. One of the writers who is moving in this direction is clearly William Vollmann. This wholly original American writer has been as prolific as the culture in turning out new work. Every year he seems to publish a new book. One of his most stupendous achievements is Rising Up and Rising Down, a multi-volume set of books which studies the role of violence in our world. He re the novelist is leaving behind the fiction in order to pursue social and historical research (Vollmann). We need our writers in this day and age to be grounded in reality. As such, this set of books is a magnificent achievement. Vollmann's work is multifarious, but there are a few elements which can be explored in a simple manner.

Critique of published work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critique of published work - Essay Example In certain aspects, the article did a great job helping to fully explain the effects of advertisement positioning, but it left much more to be answered. While it did answer many questions, like whether earlier placement of an advertisement makes it more memorable, and why they are more memorable (primal retention 1). But, the study seemed centered around college students, which although are part of the largest group of television viewers, they arent always the ones who pay the most attention to television advertisements 2. Many advertisements are geared towards teenagers but its generally those in their thirties and forties who make most of the purchases which are advertised on television. Thusly, more studies should be shown how these advertisements effect the main product purchasers, because Im fairly sure that many companies have thought of the overall "man with the money". Also, authentic recordings of actual television shows with commercials already in them, although they might be a loose control 3, they could help to provide a more authentic view of how past approaches have worked. In this way, it could be possible to understand how advertisements wholly effect the entire consumer body, not just a particular group, but Im getting ahead of myself here. We should discuss the research processes used and the idea behind the whole study. The group of scientists used various methods to help research the effects of advertising in television. Basically, they used a simple but effective strategy which mixed the use of two separate lists of fifteen second commercials, and two lists of thirty second commercials. They then brought in various groups of college students to sit through the commercials, and without telling them, asked them to write down all of the brands which they remembered throughout the experiment. This was only the first experiment however. With the second and third,

Job application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Job application - Essay Example My leadership qualities have always made me succeed in all projects that I have taken so far, and I am proud to say that I can be an effective worker for your teams on the basis of my personal capabilities. The chief personal quality that I possess is that I can effectively communicate with the customers, due to which they rely on me, and come back to the company again and again. For me, efficient business communication is the key to organizational success. The second quality that I possess is that, I like working in teams, and do not feel uncomfortable working with my partners. I believe that a good team worker should be compromising and helpful toward other team members. My third quality, which is very important in professional field, is that I am very proficient in computer usage, especially in MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Hence, relying on my personal and professional capabilities, I believe that I am best suited for this

Prison Life History And Today

Prison Life History And Today Prison deals with prisoners from all kinds of backgrounds. Every prisoner has different problems and there are a range of services on offer to help them while in prison to prepare them for their eventual release. Prison is a place used for confinement of convicted criminals (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Aside from the death penalty, a sentence to prison is the harshest punishment imposed on criminals in the United States. On the federal level, imprisonment or incarceration is managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a federal agency within the department of justice (Gaines, Miller, 2009). State prisons are supervised by a state agency such as a department of corrections. Confinement in prison, also known as a penitentiary or correctional facility, is the punishment that courts most commonly impose for serious crimes, such as felonies. For lesser crimes, courts usually impose short term incarceration in a jail, detention center, or similar facility (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Prison life of the 1700s of an accused was not as strict. There were windows that the prisoners could look through in order to solicit for charity from the people walking by, and sometimes prisoners would be allowed to sell things at the prison gates (Prison life, 2011). Although there are many differences between the life of a prison in the 1700s and the life of a prisoner today, there are also many similarities. Each accused individual was captured by the police and taken to the nearest holding cell (Prison life, 2011). These cells were in prisons called local prisons. The individual was then let free or convicted of his or her crime. If convicted, the individual was taken to the closest common prison (Prison life, 2011). During the 1700s there were only local holding jails, common prisons, and houses of correction; later, during the 1800s prisons became more separated and prisoners were assigned to the appropriate prison (Prison life, 2011). The convicted were not stripped of their belongings like in todays prisons, but they were searched for weapons or objects that could be used to escape. Once inside, the prisoner was assigned a small cell made of hard walls, floors covered in dirt and rodents, and a bed (Prison life, 2011). If the prisoner was lucky, this bed consisted of a small hammock tied to opposite walls, but often times it was made of a wooden bench or the floor. For meals the prisoners were scarcely fed, but if they were, little rations of bread and water were given. Many times the prisoners died of starvation and thirst (Prison life, 2011). According to the Burlington County in New Jersey, in the 1800s when the prison was initially designed, each inmate was to have his or her own cell with a fireplace and a narrow, unglazed window placed above eye level (Prison life, 2011.)The rules of the jail directed that prisoners were to be bathed, deloused, and have their clothing fumigated, and that each cell should have a bible or prayer book to improve the soul. Individual cells, planned for felons or criminals, were arranged in sets of four, opening off a short hall at each end of the building (Prison life, 2011). These blocks of cells were to house separate groups, such as routine criminals, first offenders, or women. The bigger rooms on the main hallways were to provide accommodation the debtors, imprisoned for owing money. These were common rooms, sometimes holding three or four men at a time, although there are some records that indicate that up to 30 debtors were housed at one time in the jail(Prison life, 2011). During t heir day, debtors were to be allowed to move about the jail, working at various cleaning chores or employed in the basement workshop (Prison life, 2011). Then the dungeon or maximum-security cell was in the center of the top floor (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). That location was carefully chosen to prevent escape by digging, to minimize communication with criminals in the cell blocks, and to ensure constant surveillance by guards making rounds. This was the only cell without a fireplace. It is flanked by niches for guards or visitors and has one very high, very small window and an iron ring in the center of the floor to which the prisoner could be chained (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Until 1888, the jail keeper and his wife and family would live in two rooms on the first floor of the jail. The Keepers wife was anticipated to supervise the female inmates and the Keeper was to execute the rules of the jail as devised by the prison board, which was composed of members of the freeholders. The Keeper and his family lived in these quarters until the adjacent brick house, connected by a passageway, was constructed on the corner of Grant and High Streets (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). In keeping with the purpose designed into the structure, the basement level enclosed workshops where prisoners were expected to learn a useful trade, such as how to make brooms, baskets, or shingles (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The notion didnt work, given the short time most inmates spent in the jail, and over time, the workshops became used as minimum security cells. Another, less supervised pastime of the inmates that endured through the ages was prisoner graffiti (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Depicting humor, despair, and a belated piety, several fine examples of this art have been photo conserved and are on display throughout the building. The felons eating room, also in the basement, allowed controlled access to the exercise yard with its twenty foot wall. Outside, prisoners could tend a small garden of fresh vegetables. In one corner of the yard, an area was set aside for the gallows, which were dismantled and stored between hangings (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Food, linens, cleaning supplies, and craft materials were stored in the basement near the kitchen, baking, and washing facilities. Once a day, the prisoners were to be served a main meal of meat and vegetables. The other two meals were usually cooked cereals or grains. They had milk and cider to drink, as well as water (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). One of the inmates was made chief cook, preparing all prison meals, and that inmate slept in a basement cell next to the kitchen. Large washtubs were provided for laundry and regular baths for the prisoners (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Also the relatively few women who were imprisoned at the beginning of the 19th century were confined in separate quarters or wings of mens prisons (Sullivan, 2006). Like the men, women suffered from filthy conditions, overcrowding, and harsh treatment. In 1838 in the New York City Jail known as the tombs, for instance, there were forty two one person cells for seventy women. In the 1920s at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, there were no separate cells for the twenty five or so women serving sentences up to fourteen years (Sullivan, 2006). They were all lodged together in a one room attic, the windows sealed to prevent communication with men. But women had to endure even more. Primary among these additional negative aspects was sexual abuse, which was reportedly a common occurrence. In 1826 a woman named Rachel Welch became pregnant while serving in solitary confinement as a punishment and shortly after childbirth she died as a result of flogging by a prison official (Sullivan, 2006). Such sexual abuse was in fact so acceptable that the Indiana state prison actually ran a prostitution service for male guards, using female prisoners (Sullivan, 2006). In addition, women received the short end of even the prison stick. Instead of spending the money to hire a matron, women were often left completely on their own, defenseless to attack by guards. Women had less access to the physician and chaplain and did not go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards as men did. Food was brought to their quarters, and they remained in that area for the full term of their sentence (Sullivan, 2006). As fearsome as the prison seemed, it was not escape proof. The walls were scaled and the roof penetrated many times in its history. The chosen routes to freedom seem to have been through the roof of the jail, and along the yard wall or the roof of the passageway to a place of descent. One notable escape occurred in 1875(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Four inmates punched a hole through the ceiling of an upper corridor cell to gain access to the roof, went down the sloping front wall and down around the woodpile beside the prison yard gate. A fifth accomplice was too large to fit through the hole and insisted at being left behind (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Despite a quick response by the warden, it seems that at least some of these escapees were never caught. In the Burlington County Jail, some criminals were fated to spend their last days on earth. State law mandated that criminals convicted of a capital crime were to be executed in the County in which they were found guilty, and Burlington County was no exception (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Several public hangings were conducted in the prison yard on a gallows erected for each occasion. Originally designed to house approximately 40 prisoners, the Burlington County Prison held over 100 inmates when they were moved to a converted armory that formerly stood behind the jail. Overcrowded conditions required yet another, larger prison which was erected in 1983(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The daily life in Folsom State Prison back in 1880, prisoners were woken up by an early morning bell and were dressed and beds had to be made and stand in their cell doors with their night buckets (Prison life, 2011). Once they were unlocked they marched down to the middle of the building where there was a set of steel doors that were hinged to the floor (Prison life, 2011). When they filed out for the day, they would all dump their nights waste from the bucket down a hole and then limestone would be thrown in the hole and water to flush the waste away. At dinner they would take to with them at so when the prisoner got locked up for the night again, they had their toilet with them (Prison life, 2011). During that time the prisoner would eat beans for dinner which were place on plate and not utensils were used. You had to eat with your face down in the plate and no talking was ever allowed. If you were good prisoners could earn the right to eat boiled beef and vegetables (Prison life, 2011). However if you were a con boss, which is somebody who is the boss of other prisoners, prisoner could then eat a variety of stewed meats and vegetables that were in season and use tin dishes and have utensils and talk during dinner(Prison life, 2011). Prisoners of Folsom State Prison generally worked seven and half hour days with no break. They completed their work day by early afternoon and lights out was enforced by eight o clock with no exceptions (Prison life, 2011). Another example of past prison life was in the Andersonville prison during the late 1800s; to cope with the horrible conditions within the stockade, prisoners turned to various activities (Prison life, 2011). They carved objects, sang songs, played games such as checkers and cards, read any material they could get, and wrote letters and diaries. Letters home were censored by prison officials, and many never reached their destinations. Other prisoners, intent on escape, spent time digging tunnels (Prison life, 2011). Although there are no records of successful escapes via tunnels, some men did escape, mainly from work crews when outside the prison. The horrendous living conditions at Andersonville resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners (Prison life, 2011). Now moving forward to current day prison life, In Arizona, the state prison system has four levels; minimum, medium, closed and maximum. As an inmate goes up in custody level, the less freedom they are allowed. A minimum custody inmate typically lives in dorm style housing units and an open yard (Ranzau, 2009). Inmates would get woken up at 5:30 a.m. and they have free rein to walk the yard, go to chow on their own at the designated times and attend any classes and work assignments they have chosen until the yard locks down for the evening at 8:30 p.m (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody inmate lives in a two-man cell with controlled movement. Controlled movement means that officers escort the inmates anytime they leave their housing unit (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody unit usually has a cluster of cells in a building with one control room called a pod. The control room uses a computer to access the doors to the cells though keys can be used to open cells in case of a power outage (Ran zau, 2009). This particular closed custody unit is staffed with one officer in the control room and one floor officer in charge of two pods of inmates (Ranzau, 2009). The inmates are escorted by an officer everywhere they go, either individually or as a group. They are escorted as a group to the chow hall for their meals and to the recreation field for their exercise (Ranzau, 2009). Medium custody inmates also live in a dorm style setting similar to minimum custody inmates. Medium custody inmates have some controlled movement but are not escorted by officers (Ranzau, 2009). The control room officer, only letting out certain segments of their dorm at a time to eat or go to recreation, controls the movement. There are officers on the yard to make sure the inmates get to where they are supposed to go (Ranzau, 2009). A maximum custody unit is strictly controlled. The inmates are only allowed to leave their cell one hour a day to go to a recreation pen. These inmates are fed in their cells through food traps in the door (Ranzau, 2009). These inmates are usually considered the worst type of inmate or they may need protection from the general population for information they have given staff or for something they did on the yard (Ranzau, 2009). One would think prison life everywhere would run as smoothly as this, but no. Currently at Pelican Bay State Prison in northern California there are more than 1,200 inmates, its one of the largest and oldest isolation units in the country, and its the model that dozens of other states have followed. It is a maximum security prison. Although all the inmates are in isolation, theres lots of noise such as keys rattling, toilets flushing, and inmates shouting out to each other from one cell to the next(Sullivan, 2006). Twice a day, officers push plastic food trays through the small portals in the metal doors. It is said they only contact that you have with individuals is what they call a pinky shake, which is when you stick your pinky through one of the little holes in the door. The hallways shoot out like spokes on a wheel(Sullivan, 2006). In the center, high off the floor, an officer sits at a panel of blue and red buttons controlling the doors. The officer in the booth can go an entire shift without actually seeing an inmate face to face (Sullivan, 2006). Far below, an inmate walks a few feet from his cell, through a metal door at the end of the hallway, and out into the yard. The exercise yards at Pelican Bay are about the length of two small cars. The cement walls are 20 feet high. On top is a metal grate and through the grate is a patch of sky (Sullivan, 2006). According to Sullivan, Associate Warden Williams says they dont allow inmates to have any kind of exercise equipment. Most of the time, they do push-ups. Some of them just walk back and forth for exercise. (Sullivan, 2006). It is just basically to come out, stretch their legs and get some fresh air. Each month, officers squeeze soap, shampoo and toothpaste into paper cups for the inmates (Sullivan, 2006). Even though are issued a jumpsuit, in two days at the facility, there doesnt seem to be a single prisoner wearing one. All of them are wearing their underwear, white boxer shorts, t-shirts and flip-flops (Sullivan, 2006). In the psychiatric at Pelican Bay, some inmates stand in the middle of their cell, hollering at no one in particular. Anothers bang their head against the cell door. Many of the inmates are naked, some exposing themselves. Obviously prison life can play a huge toll the mentality. One in 10 inmates in segregation was housed there. Theres even a waiting list (Sullivan, 2006). Recently in Georgia the horrible treatment and conditions of the prison made headlines. Finally fed up with bad food, unjust treatment, poor education and inadequate health care, thousands of inmates in Georgias prison system staged Lockdown for Liberty, which was a peaceful protest on Dec. 9, 2010. According to Charlene Muhammad, a national correspondent for the Final Call newspaper; all of the Black, White, and Latino inmates from Augusta, Baldwin, Hancock, Hays, Macon, Smith, and Telfair State Prisons refused to leave their cells for work and other activities, partly because they feel the Georgia Department of Corrections treats them like slaves(Muhammad, 2010). Ironically in a 2006 report, Human Rights Watch characterized conditions in Georgia prisons as appalling. Many inmates were vulnerable to degrading treatment due to overcrowding and unsanitary facilities, the report added (Muhammad, 2010). More recently, the State Departments 2008 human rights country report for Georgia noted that the countrys prisons and pre trial detention centers failed to meet international standards. It also expressed concern about Georgian Justice Ministry data that showed 94 inmates died while in custody in 2008(Muhammad, 2010). Overcrowding is a huge issue also. Today, there are approximately 20,000 prisoners in Georgia, a 300-percent increase over the past five years, according to a 2009 PRI report (Muhammad, 2010). Georgias prisons are some of the worst in the U.S. Cells are overcrowded, packing prisoners into confined spaces like sardines (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to work, doing the maintenance and servicing of the prison for little or no pay. The guards are corrupt and violent, instigating fights between prisoners for their amusement (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to pay outrageous costs for the most minimal health care. On top of that most prisoners are denied access to programs for education beyond obtaining a GED. Overall Georgia spends $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the national average. The lack of funding shows in how prisoners are treated. (Muhammad, 2010). Every day prison life for women differs from daily prison life for men. Unlike male inmates, women in general do not present an direct, violent physical danger to staff members and fellow inmates. In fact, hardly any female prisons report any major instances of violence (Saxena, 2008). Violence is more often than not concentrated only in male prisons. In addition, female prisons do not involve the anti authority inmate social code oftentimes established in male prisons (Saxena, 2008). In male prisons, life in prison is normally governed by mandates set forth by gang leaders. This includes no snitching, not cooperating with authorities, and attacking disloyal members. Gang activity is greatly reduced in female prisons (Saxena, 2008). Furthermore, the little bit of gang activity that does occur in female prisons doesnt end up affecting the whole infrastructure like in a male prison (Saxena, 2008). However, being restricted does cause a lot of sever anxiety and anger for many women, especially since they are separated from their families and loved ones (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, women are in prison while pregnant and are oftentimes forced to give birth in the prison. Afterwards, their child is either instantly removed, or permitted to stay with the mother for a short period of time (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Woman can also partake in conjugal visits, but this will not make up for all the lost time. Women in prison also cope with their problems differently. Unlike men, who direct their anger outward, female prisoners tend to revert to more self destructive acts in order to deal with the situation. In fact, female inmates are much more likely than male prisoners to mutilate their own bodies and attempt suicide (Saxena, 2008). These activities include simple scratches, carving the name of their boyfriend on their body, and cutting their wrists. Wrist cutting is actually a huge concern amongst prison officials (Saxena, 2008). Blood released from wrist cutting can spread to others and drastically increase inmates and staff members risk of contracting an STD like Aids or hepatitis (Saxena, 2008). Another method utilized by female prisons for adapting to prison life is the falsehood of a make believe family (Gaines, Miller, 2009). These groups normally contain masculine and feminine figures that act as fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters. Unceremonious marriages and divorces may even be performed (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, an inmate may hold multiple roles. For example a woman can play a sister in one family and a wife in another. Oftentimes, gay women play the male roles (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Although an extreme difference in prison life exists between men and women, the hurt and frustration still remain the same (Gaines, Miller, 2009). What can be said, though, is that women deal with the situation differently than men. In a study conducted by Mark Fleisher in 2006, according to Heidi Cool, Fleishers research was the first cultural study ever conducted on prison rape in U.S. prisons. This study includes research that he has done over the past twenty years on prison culture. Between 2003 and 2005, Fleisher composed information about prison life rapes by interviewing 564 inmates in mens high security and womens medium and high security prisons in the United States (Cool, 2006). The controlled interviews, with open ended questions, lasted between 90 minutes to, in numerous cases, six to seven hours and generated a widespread compilation of prison slang involving sex and rape and national cultural themes about prison rape shared by inmates across the country. Fleisher figured out that prison inmate life is a culture that is determined by a need for social order and the behavioral rules of prison sexual culture is drastically different from sexual conduct rules for outside of prison (Cool, 2006). The problem of consent is complicated on so many levels but in the end, consensual sex as we know it doesnt have an equivalent meaning in prison inmate culture, he states horrible images of unsafe prisons and widespread rape. The culture of prison sexuality, as well as ideas on rape, are not simply community beliefs transported inside prisons, rather they are different beliefs and create a different social reality (Cool, 2006). There is no equivalent in inmate sexual culture thats equal to our perception of rape. Once a person enters and begins their prison life, they start reexamine their sense of sexuality; men and women who may have never before engaged in same sex relations will probably try it at some point during their sentence (Cool, 2006). Majority of same sex relations are voluntary, which means they dont have to do anything they dont want to do (Cool, 2006). However not all same sex relations are essentially deemed by inmates as homosexual relationships in the prison culture. Theres a broad range of same sex behavior but inmate culture views several acts as homosexual while other related acts are considered straight (Cool, 2006). The only true freedom they have in prison life is their sexual freedom. Another finding that surprised Fleisher according to Cool, was that in the worldview of both men and women inmates, there is a strong belief that men and women have a homosexual identity at their core and that having same sex relations in prison help them come to terms with this emergin g sexuality(Cool, 2006). As for lesbian experience for women, studies have established that even experienced inmates come across heterosexual women with husbands and children, begin same sex relations within days and weeks of their arrival but upon released return to heterosexual behavior (Cool, 2006). Both men and women inmates put in plain words that same sex relations among those different with it as curiosity (Cool, 2006). Within prison life, inmate society interprets mens slow but sure involvement in same sex behavior as getting in touch with their feminine tendencies (Cool, 2006). Inmates say that the bulk of them dont have sexual affairs but eventually an inner homosexual prevails in the life of a prisoner (Cool, 2006). Furthermore, it is very infrequent for the women to be raped or obligated into sex by male or female staff; nevertheless personal relationships can develop between sexual relations. Believe it or not female inmates state they do not participate in having sex with male or female staff members unless it benefits them in some material way (Cool, 2006). Some of the benefits may include bringing them perfume or cigarettes or giving them money, which can be used for food, soap or stamps (Cool, 2006). Within Fleishers report, women prisoners say they will not deal with unnecessary sex among them and staff, although they have been notorious to use allegations of unwanted sex to acquire a transfer or to get revenge in a against a staff member (Cool, 2006). Evidence informs us that presently over 300,000 instances of prison rape occur in a year. 196,000 are projected to happen to men in prison in addition to 123,000 are estimated to happen to the men in county jail. (Cool, 2006). Obviously life in prison has evolved for the better but yet seems to get worse for todays times. It maintains that survival of the fittest mentality and almost an updated caveman reality. Prison life will never get better unless we get over crowding under control and get better standards as to how they are ran.